Veranstaltungsprogramm

Eine starke und positive Trainer:in-Athlet:in-Beziehung (TAB) wird als wesentlich für sportliche Leistung erachtet und ist mit positiven Begleiterscheinungen wie erhöhter Zufriedenheit von Trainer:innen und Athlet:innen assoziiert (Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004; Jowett & Shanmugam, 2016). Das Ziel des vorliegenden Projektes war die Überprüfung der Effekte von zwei verschiedenen Interventionen hinsichtlich der TAB. Das vom DOSB geförderte Projekt (TrainerInSportdeutschland) wurde in Kooperation mit dem Landessportbund Sachsen im Jahr 2022 durchgeführt. Zielgruppe waren hauptamtliche Trainer:innen im Leistungssport, die an einer einmaligen Online-Intervention (Intervention 1) teilnahmen und sechs Monate später die Möglichkeit zur Teilnahme an einer dreiteiligen Präsenz-Intervention (Intervention 2) hatten. An Intervention 1 (1 x 3 Std.) nahmen N = 125 Stützpunkt-, Landes- und Regionaltrainer:innen (28.8 % weiblich, 18-65 Jahre, M = 43.2, SD = 12.0, 25 Sportarten) teil. An Intervention 2 (3 x 4 Std.) nahmen N = 17 Trainer:innen (3 weiblich, 23-60 Jahre, M = 42.5, SD = 12.6, 12 Sportarten, Substichprobe Intervention 1) teil. Die Inhalte der Intervention 1 adressierten Kommunikation, Führungsverhalten und Konfliktmanagement und basierten theoretisch auf dem 3+1 C und dem COMPASS Modell (Jowett & Lavallee, 2007; Jowett & Rhind, 2010). Die Inhalte der Intervention 2 bildeten eine Vertiefung dieser Themen. Beide Interventionen wurden quantitativ (prä-post) und qualitativ (post) evaluiert. Die quantitative Evaluation umfasste Fragen zur TAB (visuelle Analogskalen zu Nähe, Respekt, Vertrauen); in Intervention 2 wurden zusätzlich Zufriedenheitsmaße (Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) sowie Fragenbögen zum Führungsverhalten (Leadership in Sports Scale (LSS); Würth et al., 1999) und zur Kompetenzeinschätzung (Coaching Efficacy Scale (CES); Zepp et al., 2020) eingesetzt. Qualitativ erfolgten Fragen zur Inhalts- und Strukturevaluation als Blitzlichtfeedback und anonyme Onlineabfrage. Die Überprüfung der Effekte der quantitativen Daten erfolgte mithilfe von t-Tests sowie Wilcoxon Tests für beide Interventionen separat. Effektstärken wurden nach Cohen (1992) berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich nach Intervention 1 die TAB hinsichtlich Nähe (p < .001, d_RM = .346), Respekt (p = .021, d_RM = 0.204) und Vertrauen (p = .003, d_RM = .264) signifikant verbessert hat. Bei Intervention 2 zeigen sich positive Effekte hinsichtlich Kompetenzeinschätzung (Motivation p = .003, r = .89; Technik p = .036, r = .63) und Zufriedenheit (p = .025, r = .67). Die Ergebnisse deuten auf einen positiven Effekt beider Interventionen hin, der jedoch aufgrund einer fehlenden Kontrollgruppe sowie der teils kleinen Effektstärken vorsichtig zu interpretieren ist. Es ist angestrebt die Stichprobe der Intervention 2 weiter zu erhöhen sowie eine Kontrollgruppe zu implementieren, um die Aussagekraft der Daten zu verbessern.

Eltern und Trainer: innen agieren gemeinsam in einem komplexen sozialen Netzwerk im Nachwuchssport. Die Art und Weise, wie Eltern und Trainer:innen miteinander in Beziehung stehen und zusammenarbeiten, hat nachweislich Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung und die sportliche Leistung von Kindern. Studien zeigen, dass die Eltern-Trainer:innen-Beziehung häufig durch mangelndes Vertrauen, unterschiedliche Erwartungshaltungen sowie eine unbefriedigende Kommunikation gekennzeichnet ist. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es daher, subjektive Wahrnehmungsunterschiede in der Häufigkeit, den Themen sowie den Formen der Kommunikation zwischen Eltern und Trainer:innen zu bestimmen. 1042 Elternteile (M_Alter = 45.2 ± 7.0 Jahre; 48% weiblich) und 338 Trainer:innen (M_Alter = 40.0 ± 12,5 Jahre; 12% weiblich) aus Fußball-Leistungszentren sowie Breitensport-Vereinen nahmen an einer quantitativen Online-Erhebung teil. Eltern und Trainer:innen vervollständigten den Fragebogen zur Zusammenarbeit zwischen Eltern und Lehrer:innen (sport-adaptiert; Sodogé et al., 2012) sowie die Skala zum Perceived Organisational Support (sport-adaptiert; Siebenaler & Fischer, 2020). Wahrnehmungsunterschiede in der Kommunikationshäufigkeit zwischen Eltern und Trainer:innen wurden mittels Mann-Whitney U Tests identifiziert. Beispielsweise gaben Eltern signifikant weniger im Vergleich zu Trainer:innen an, dass Gespräche mit Trainer:innen nach dem Training/nach einem Wettkampf, U = 44964.0, p < .001, r = -.417, oder Telefonate, U = 44901.5, p < .001, r = -.433, stattfinden. Die Ergebnisse deuten außerdem auf die Relevanz struktureller und organisatorischer Faktoren für die Kommunikation zwischen Eltern und Trainer:innen hin. So scheint die Umsetzung der Elternarbeit im Verein signifikant mit der Wahrnehmung der Eltern-Trainer:innen-Beziehung, r(285) = -.45, p < .001, der subjektiven Handlungssicherheit der Trainer:innen im Umgang mit Eltern, r(285) = .15, p = .011, sowie der wahrgenommenen Unterstützung von Seiten des Vereins, r(196) = .16, p = .025, zusammenzuhängen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sich dabei sowohl für Eltern und Trainer:innen in Fußball-Leistungszentren als auch in Breitensport-Vereinen. Die Studie ergänzt bisherige qualitative Untersuchungen mit quantifizierbaren Daten und gibt erstmalig einen Einblick in den aktuellen Umsetzungsstand der Eltern-Trainer:innen-Kommunikation im Nachwuchsfußball. Zukünftige Studien sollten die Auswirkungen der Eltern-Trainer:innen-Kommunikation auf psychische sowie leistungsbezogene Parameter bei Kindern sowie die Wirksamkeit von Kommunikations-Interventionen untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen zudem den Bedarf, das Thema „Elternarbeit“ in der Aus- und Fortbildung von Trainer:innen zu implementieren, um eine konstruktive Zusammenarbeit zwischen Eltern und Trainer:innen zu fördern.

Athletes in high-risk sports such as snowsports are often confronted with severe musculoskeletal injuries during their careers (Fröhlich et al., 2021). Therefore, the whole rehabilitation process is very important for a safe return to sport. The study focused on the different expert stakeholders' perspectives on the process and explore current practices, challenges and opportunities related to return to sport in snowsports.

In a qualitative study, 14 semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with international expert stakeholders. All experts, including athletes, coaches, physiotherapists, surgeons, and sport psychologists have many years of experience in high-performance sports and are actively involved in the return to sport process. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed inductively, based on constant comparative analysis, employing principles of Grounded Theory (Boeije, 2002). For consistency interviews were coded independently by second coders. After alignment codes were grouped into themes, and the main theories emerged.

Expert stakeholders mentioned the importance of a structured process with a common final goal and cirteria-based milestones. Whereas in early phases evidence-based milestones are well oriented, later phases based on practical experience. Therefore, good cooperation between experts is necessary. Especially ensuring the flow of information over the whole process and diffusion of responsibilities in transition of the phases are major challenges. The environment and social support was reported as an important factor and has an influence on the rehabilitation process. As an injury is often a critical event and unfamiliar situation, a warm and safe environment is essential. To support the athletes as quickly as possible, a direct access to an expert network is necessary.

Based on the different experts' perspectives, it is necessary consider rehabilitation as a non linear and holistic process. It is important to place the athlete at the center of the process and respond to their needs. This requires cross-phase information flow and cooperation between all stakeholders to increase the quality of the return to sport pathway.

Typologies of athletic career development in high-performance sport are typically based on demographic data, sport characteristics or pursuing a dual career (i.e., having an educational or vocational career simultaneous to the athletic career). However, within these subgroups of the elite athlete population considerable heterogeneity remains. In line with the person-oriented approach and addressing the need for a holistic consideration of a high-performance sport career, Örencik et al. (2022) identified five distinct life situations of elite athletes. This approach focuses on the human development and functioning as an integrated organism within the person-environment system allowing for potential interaction and compensation between factors, which cannot be adequately rendered by the variable-oriented approach. Thus, instead of establishing a “the more the merrier” relationship between one or more independent and dependent variable/s of the general linear model (GLM), which does not account for the complexity of human development from a dynamic-interactionist perspective, cluster analyses can be used to identify common patterns. Following five patterns were found: (1) working dual career athletes, (2) high-income professional athletes, (3) medium-income professional athletes, (4) family-supported athletes, and (5) student dual career athletes. The current study is a longitudinal extension to investigate stability and development of patterns.

Based on a sample of 383 elite athletes (M_age = 25.54, SD = 4.69, 44.6% female) competing in Olympic sports or floorball and orienteering, the LICUR method was performed. First, a residue analysis led to the exclusion of three extreme cases. Second, cluster analyses were conducted for two developmental phases (i.e., T1 = 2019, T2 = 2020). Operating factors as basis of clustering were athletic performance level, weekly hours spent (i.e., sport-related activities, education, and vocation), and financial information (i.e., gross annual income and income generated from sport). Last, similarity between patterns is determined (structural stability) and transitional probabilities are investigated (individual stability).

Identical life situation patterns as in Örencik et al. (2022) were found for T1 and T2: (1) working dual career athletes, (2) high-income professional athletes, (3) medium-income professional athletes, (4) family-supported athletes, and (5) student dual career athletes. Structural stability was demonstrated as the average squared Euclidian distance ranged from 0.01 to 0.21 between clusters. Highly significant odds-ratios between identical clusters attest individual stability. Moreover, frequent transitions from cluster 4 to 5 and 3 to 4 have been observed.

These findings support Örencik et al. (2022) typology of separating dual from single career athletes, which, in turn, should also be subdivided. Moreover, these life situations are stable over a period of one year. This may aid federations and practitioners within athletic career development in providing individual assistance for both stable but also transitioning life situations of elite athletes.

Sports and business organizations both strive to find and select the most promising talents. With this aim, both contexts are searching for a gold standard for the selection process and constructs and methods to use which results in an increased number of publications within the last decades (for soccer: Williams et al., 2020). Although differences in selection age and constructs, such as physical aspects in sports, exist, both contexts may benefit from soft skills and reliable measurements. Approaches such as collecting information as signs or samples could be used in the sports context as well. The long history of selection research in business could therefore serve as a support for talent identification and selection in sports (Lievens et al., 2021). To see, whether the sports context uses information from the business context, we assess the interconnectivity of both fields by capturing the connections of all business, sports, and psychology literature of the SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (n = 20.492). After following the PRISMA guidelines (Page et al., 2021) a citation network analysis (CNA) was conducted (n = 941) to see the interconnectivity between both fields either directly or indirectly via a general psychology literature path. CNA “seeks to map the scientific structure of a field of research as a function of citation practices” (McLaren & Bruner, 2022) and provides insights into the connection between fields by showing the extent and possible pathways as well as influencing articles or research groups. This knowledge will guide further steps on whether information are used but do not suit the requirements and conditions of the sports or whether the connection is lacking, leading to starting points for future research. Results indicate a lack of interconnectivity (n_links = 3.732) with only six articles being cited by the other context, divided equally. A previous CNA on team research (Emich et al.,2020) shows similar, although slightly higher numbers of cross-referenced articles between sports and business research. Possible reasons for the disconnection might refer to the sequential progression, entrance age, or citation culture. The low number of referenced articles provides opportunities for future research as there is (almost) no information gathered from the business context. Further research should systematically investigate salient topics in both contexts and those topics which are lacking research in the context of sports. Differences should serve as starting points to use information from the business context and to enhance talent selection in sports.